DE | EN

 

How to apply for Undergraduate programmes

 

captcha
DE | EN

 

How to apply for Undergraduate programmes

 

We are glad that you are interested in completing an undergraduate degree programme at the University of Bayreuth. The application process depends on the degree programme. In order to be able to show you the application process for your desired degree programme, we will need some information from you first:

 

Are you still unsure which degree programmes might suit you?

►Here you will find information to help you make your decision or perhaps book a consultation with our Central Student Advisory Service.
 

►Alternatively you can browse through our current trending study programmes.

 

►Use our Study Programme Finder to browse all undergraduate degree programmes at the University of Bayreuth.

You are a Bildungsinländer and therefore equal to German applicants (regardless of your nationality). Please visit the website of the Student Administration Office for more information.

Bewerbungsinformationen für das
Wintersemester
Bewerbungsinformationen für das
Wintersemester
Einschreibung für das Sommersemester
Einschreibung für das Wintersemester

This degree programme can only be started without proof of German proficiency if you choose "Study Abroad" or "Curator's Track" as a combination subject! Please note that all other combination subjects are taught in German.

DE | EN

HOW TO APPLY FOR THE BACHELOR'S PROGRAMME

APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCE (B.Sc.)

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN STUDIES (B.A.)

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (B.SC.)

BIOCHEMISTRY (B.SC.)

BIOLOGY (B.SC.)

CHEMISTRY (B.SC.)

COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS (B.SC.)

ECONOMICS AND INSTITUTIONS: GERMAN-FRENCH DUAL BACHELOR'S DEGREE IN LAW (LL.B.)

GERMAN-SPANISH DUAL DEGREE PROGRAMME IN LAW (LL.B.)

ECONOMICS (B.SC.)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY (B.SC.)

ENGINEERING SCIENCE (B.SC.)

GEOGRAPHY: SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT (B.SC.)

ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (B.SC.)

GERMAN STUDIES (B.A.)

HISTORY (B.A.)

HEALTH ECONOMICS (B.SC.)

COMPUTER SCIENCE (B.SC.)

INTERDISCIPLINARY AFRICAN STUDIES (B.A.)

INTERCULTURAL GERMAN STUDIES (B.A.)

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS & DEVELOPMENT, BACHELOR OF ARTS (B.A.)

LAW, STATE EXAMINATIONS

CULTURE & SOCIETY (B.A.)

FOOD AND HEALTH SCIENCES (B.SC.)

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (B.SC.)

MATHEMATICS (B.SC.)

MEDIA STUDIES (B.A.)

MUSIC THEATRE STUDIES (B.A.)

SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENERGY (B.SC.)

PHILOSOPHY AND ECONOMICS (B.A.)

PHYSICS (B.SC.)

POLYMER & COLLOID CHEMISTRY, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC.)

LAW & BUSINESS (LL.B.)

SOCIAL & CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY (B.A.)

SPORT, BUSINESS AND LAW (B.SC.)

THEATRE & MEDIA (B.A.)

ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (B.SC.)

BUSINESS & INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (B.SC.)

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND ENGINEERING (B.SC.)

ECONOMATHEMATICS (B.SC.)

AFRICAN VERBAL AND VISUAL ARTS: LANGUAGES, LITERATURES, MEDIA AND ART (B.A.)

DATA, SCIENCE AND AI (B.A./ B.SC.)

* ATTENTION: This degree programme is expected to be introduced for the winter semester 2025/26. The examination and study regulations are not yet in force. The application is therefore subject to the approval of the examination and study regulations. Changes in the application procedure may still occur. Admission to the degree programme can only be granted after approval.


The application documents may be subject to change before the start of the application round.

 

 

 

International applicants from outside the EU who have obtained their degree abroad must undergo a fee-based special procedure and request the issuance of the document "preliminary review documentation" (Vorprüfungsdokumentation (VPD) via uni-assist. 

 

You can have your documents reviewed by uni-assist any time of the year. If the desired semester is not yet available at uni-assist, simply select the current semester. It does not matter whether you request a VPD for the summer semester or the winter semester.

 

 

The degree programme you have selected is managed in cooperation with the foundation 'Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung' (hochschulstart.de). Before you can send your application to hochschulstart.de you need to authenticate yourself by means of applicant ID (Bewerber-ID; BID) and BAN which are issued by hochschulstart.de. Should you not have a BID and BAN yet, please register under hochschulstart.de for the procedure (dialogorientiertes Serviceverfahren; DoSV) in order to be able to complete the application at University of Bayreuth. After successful registration at hochschulstart.de you will find your BID and BAN in the area 'My Data' ('Meine Daten').

When can I submit my online application?

  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: 15 October – 15 January
  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: start of studies not possible
  • Winter Semester: ca. 25 April – 15 July
  • Summer semester: start of studies not possible

The exact start date depends on the respective requirements of Hochschulstart.de.If it is not yet possible to submit your application on 25 April, you can enquire about the respective start date at the Student Administration Office.

  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: start of studies not possible
  • Winter Semester: 01 March – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: start of studies not possible

When can I enrol?

  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 October
  • Summer Semester: 15 October – 15 April
  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 October
  • Summer Semester: enrolment not possible

When can I enrol?

  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 October
  • Summer Semester: enrolment not possible
  • Winter Semester: 01 March – 15 October
  • Summer Semester: enrolment not possible

When can I submit my online application?

  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: start of studies not possible
  • Winter Semester: 15 April – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: start of studies not possible
  • Winter Semester: 25 April – 15 July
  • Summer Semester: start of studies not possible

The exact start date depends on the respective requirements of Hochschulstart.de.If it is not yet possible to submit your application on 25 April, you can enquire about the respective start date at the Student Administration Office.

Enrolment procedure
 

In order to enrol, you must have the required higher education entrance qualification (HZB) and the necessary language skills. To avoid problems with enrolment, we therefore strongly recommend that these two points be clarified as early as possible with the Incoming Degree Team by way of a preliminary review, in particular in specific cases (see below). Please use the upload option in the application form in CAMPUSonline.

  • STEP 1: Create a basic account in CAMPUSonline (guide).

  • STEP 2: Create an application for the programme in which you would like to enrol (guide).

  • STEP 3: (optional): Submit the listed documents via upload in CAMPUSonline, to allow a preliminary review of your documents by the International Office.

  • STEP 4: As soon as your admission has been registered by the Student Administration Office (Studierendenkanzlei), accept your study place.

  • STEP 5: Print the application for registration and send it by post to the address printed on the form together with all the documents required for enrolment (certified copies). Alternatively, you can also submit the application and documents to the Student Administration Office in person.

You can find out here. If your language certificate is not on our list, you can take our internal DSH exam. To enable us to send you the admission as well as the information required for the DSH application in good time, we need to receive all of your application documents (including your current German certificate) by the end of July at the latest.

To find out more information in advance please click here. If you only have an indirect higher education qualification, you are required to attend a Studienkolleg before you can pursue a degree programme at the University of Bayreuth, find out more here.
In order to be able to take the qualifying examination for the Studienkolleg, you need to be assigned by the University of Bayreuth.
To take the qualifying examination for the Studienkolleg, you must first be assigned by the University of Bayreuth. Candidates must be reported to the Studienkolleg by the end of July. Therefore, if you are interested in taking the next qualifying examination, it is crucial that you submit all relevant documents well in advance. This will ensure that we have sufficient time to register you for the examination.

Enrolment procedure

In order to enrol, you must have the required higher education entrance qualification (HZB) and the necessary language skills. To avoid problems with enrolment, we therefore strongly recommend that these two points be clarified as early as possible with the Incoming Degree Team by way of a preliminary review, in particular in specific cases (see below). Please use the upload option in the application form in CAMPUSonline.

  • STEP 1: Create a basic account in CAMPUSonline (guide).

  • STEP 2: Create an application for the programme in which you would like to enrol (guide).

  • STEP 3: (optional): Submit the listed documents via upload in CAMPUSonline, to allow a preliminary review of your documents by the International Office.

  • STEP 4: As soon as your admission has been registered by the Student Administration Office (Studierendenkanzlei), accept your study place.

  • STEP 5: Once you have accepted the study place, the application for enrolment will appear in your application. If you have not yet entered all the information in step 3 or if any documents are still missing, please complete them using the ‘Enter data’ button to activate the application for enrolment. Once the remaining data entry is completed, the enrolment application form will become available for download. Please download the form, sign it, and submit it together with your enrolment documents. You will be informed by email if any documents are missing or if we have any questions. We will also notify you by e-mail once your enrolment has been completed successfully.

You can find out here. If your language certificate is not on our list, you can take our internal DSH exam. To enable us to send you the admission as well as the information required for the DSH application in good time, we need to receive all of your application documents (including your current German certificate) by the end of July at the latest.

To find out more information in advance please click here. If you only have an indirect higher education qualification, you are required to attend a Studienkolleg before you can pursue a degree programme at the University of Bayreuth, find out more here.
In order to be able to take the qualifying examination for the Studienkolleg, you need to be assigned by the University of Bayreuth.
To take the qualifying examination for the Studienkolleg, you must first be assigned by the University of Bayreuth. Candidates must be reported to the Studienkolleg by the end of July. Therefore, if you are interested in taking the next qualifying examination, it is crucial that you submit all relevant documents well in advance. This will ensure that we have sufficient time to register you for the examination.

Which documents do I have to upload for the preliminary review of my higher education entrance qualification?

Which documents do I need to submit with my online application?

Which documents do I have to upload for the preliminary review of my higher education entrance qualification?

Which documents do I need to submit with my online application?

Wir benötigen einen aktuellen, tabellarischen Lebenslauf mit Ihrem lückenlosen Werdegang bis zum Zeitpunkt Ihrer aktuellen Bewerbung an der Universität Bayreuth. Er muss genaue und umfassende Angaben zu Ihrem Bildungsweg (Schulen, Zeitpunkt von (Abschluss-) Prüfungen etc.) beinhalten. Bitte machen Sie Angaben zu jedem Zeitraum bis zum Monat Ihrer Bewerbung an der Uni Bayreuth und lassen Sie keine Lücken – auch dann, wenn Sie keine Schule oder Hochschule besucht oder gearbeitet haben (z.B. längere Urlaubs- und Auszeitphasen). Nur so können wir Ihren Bildungsweg nachvollziehen.

Gerne können Sie die Vorlage der Uni Bayreuth (UBT) oder der Europäischen Union für Ihren Lebenslauf nutzen:

  • Vorlage Lebenslauf UBT
  • Lebenslauf online erstellen mit Europass

Zur Bewerbung müssen an der Universität Bayreuth für alle deutschsprachigen Studiengänge Deutschkenntnisse mindestens auf Niveau B2 (gemäß Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen (GER) für Sprachen) nachgewiesen werden.

Für die Einschreibung brauchen Sie eines der folgenden Zertifikate:

  • Deutsche Sprachprüfung für ausländische Studienbewerber/innen (DSH) mit einem Ergebnis von mindestens DSH-1
  • Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache (TestDaF) mit einem Ergebnis von mindestens 14 Punkten (kein TDN unter 3)
  • ÖSD Zertifikat B2
  • Goethe-Zertifikat B2
  • telc Deutsch B2
  • Zertifikat des IIK Bayreuth B2

Obwohl die Einschreibung für diesen Studiengang unter Auflage bereits mit einem B1-Zertifikat möglich ist, muss ein von uns anerkanntes Deutsch-B2-Nachweis bis spätestens Ende des zweiten Semesters nachgewiesen werden! 

Wir akzeptieren folgende Zertifikate für die Bewerbung und Einschreibung:

  • Deutsche Sprachprüfung für ausländische Studienbewerber/innen (DSH)
  • Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache (TestDaF)
  • ÖSD Zertifikat B1
  • Goethe-Zertifikat B1
  • telc Deutsch B1
  • Zertifikat des IIK Bayreuth B1

Informationen dazu, welche Sprachnachweise anerkannt werden, finden Sie auf unserer Homepage.

Obwohl die Einschreibung für diesen Studiengang unter Auflage bereits mit einem B1-Zertifikat möglich ist, muss ein von uns anerkanntes Deutsch-B2-Nachweis bis spätestens Ende des zweiten Semesters nachgewiesen werden. Wir akzeptieren folgende Zertifikate:

  • Deutsche Sprachprüfung für ausländische Studienbewerber/innen (DSH) mit einem Ergebnis von mindestens DSH-1
  • Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache (TestDaF) mit einem Ergebnis von mindestens 14 Punkten (kein TDN unter 3)
  • ÖSD Zertifikat B2
  • Goethe-Zertifikat B2
  • telc Deutsch B2
  • Zertifikat des IIK Bayreuth B2

Informationen dazu, welche Sprachnachweise anerkannt werden, finden Sie auf unserer Homepage.

Für englischsprachige Studiengänge müssen Englischkenntnisse mindestens auf Niveau B2 (gemäß Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen (GER) für Sprachen) nachgewiesen werden, sofern die jeweilige Prüfungs- und Studienordnung keine höheren oder niedrigeren Anforderungen festlegt.

Bitte informieren Sie sich auf der jeweiligen Seite des Studiengangs bzw. in der Studien- und Prüfungsordnung oder erkundigen Sie sich beim jeweiligen Studiengangsmoderator, welche Sprachnachweise für Ihren Studiengang akzeptiert werden.

Wenn Sie den Nachweis in Form einer Bestätigung der Ausbildungssprache erbringen möchten, dann muss die Bestätigung von einer administrativen Einheit Ihrer Heimatuniversität auf dem offiziellen Papier der Universität ausgestellt werden und mit Siegel und Originalunterschrift versehen sein. Eine solche Bescheinigung wird allerdings nicht von allen Studiengängen als Englischnachweis akzeptiert.

Für englischsprachige Studiengänge müssen Englischkenntnisse mindestens auf Niveau B2 (gemäß Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen (GER) für Sprachen) nachgewiesen werden, sofern die jeweilige Prüfungs- und Studienordnung keine höheren oder niedrigeren Anforderungen festlegt.

Bitte informieren Sie sich auf der jeweiligen Seite des Studiengangs bzw. in der Studien- und Prüfungsordnung oder erkundigen Sie sich beim jeweiligen Studiengangsmoderator, welche Sprachnachweise für Ihren Studiengang akzeptiert werden.

Wenn Sie den Nachweis in Form einer Bestätigung der Ausbildungssprache erbringen möchten, dann muss die Bestätigung von einer administrativen Einheit Ihrer Heimatuniversität auf dem offiziellen Papier der Universität ausgestellt werden und mit Siegel und Originalunterschrift versehen sein. Eine solche Bescheinigung wird allerdings nicht von allen Studiengängen als Englischnachweis akzeptiert.

Zur Bewerbung müssen an der Universität Bayreuth für alle deutschsprachigen Studiengänge Deutschkenntnisse mindestens auf Niveau B2 (gemäß Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen (GER) für Sprachen) nachgewiesen werden.

Für die Einschreibung brauchen Sie eines der folgenden Zertifikate:

  • Deutsche Sprachprüfung für ausländische Studienbewerber/innen (DSH) mit einem Ergebnis von mindestens DSH-2
  • TestDaF (Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache) mit einem Ergebnis von mindestens 16 Punkten (kein TDN unter 4)
    Achtung: für Masterstudium Interkulturelle Germanistik mindestens 17 Punkte (kein TDN unter 4)
  • Deutsches Sprachdiplom der Kultusministerkonferenz - Zweite Stufe (DSD II)
  • ÖSD Zertifikat C2
  • Goethe-Zertifikat C2
  • telc Deutsch C1 Hochschule 
  • Zertifikat des IIK Bayreuth C1

Ob Niveau B2, C1 oder DSH-2 für den von Ihnen angestrebten Studiengang für die Einschreibung erforderlich ist, richtet sich nach der jeweiligen Prüfungsordnung.

Informationen dazu, welche Sprachnachweise anerkannt werden, finden Sie auf unserer Homepage.

For further information on accepted proof of language proficiency click here.

For further information on accepted proof of language proficiency click here.

For further information on accepted proof of language proficiency click here.

For further information on accepted proof of language proficiency click here.

For further information on accepted proof of language proficiency click here.

A Secondary school leaving certificate is the document or documents with which you prove your higher education entrance qualification in Germany. A Higher education entrance qualification is a certificate that attests to your eligibility to study at a higher education institution (e.g. Abitur, Matura, Baccalauréat, Diploma di Licenza/Maturità, A-levels, Higher Secondary School Leaving Certificate, etc.). Further information on university entrance qualifications can be found on our homepage.

 

Please note that you must submit all parts (certificate and overview of grades + grading scales). 

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

⇒ If it is foreseeable that you will not receive your IB diploma before the application deadline, you must submit a notification from the Certificate Recognition Office for the Free State of Bavaria (Zeugnisanerkennungsstelle für den Freistaat Bayern) as an alternative to the IB diploma with your application.This notification must be requested from the Certificate Recognition Centre by the end of April. You can find more information here (see information sheet ‘Agreement on the recognition of the International Baccalaureate Diploma / Diplôme du Baccalauréat International’)

Wenn Sie an einem Studienkolleg in Deutschland die Feststellungsprüfung abgelegt und bestanden haben, reichen Sie bitte Ihr Zeugnis der Feststellungsprüfung ein. 

Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

If your original certificate was not issued in German or English, a certified German or English translation is also required. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

A translation is only required if the original document is not in English or German. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

 

A translation is only required if the original document is not in English or German. Please use PDF editing software (e.g. Adobe Acrobat or PDF24) to attach the translation to your original document.

Hierbei handelt es sich um einen selbst angefertigten Text, in dem Sie Ihre fachliche und persönliche Motivation für die Wahl Ihres Studiengangs darlegen. Aus fremden Quellen übernommene Gedanken müssen als solche gekennzeichnet sein.

Hierbei handelt es sich um einen selbst angefertigten Text, in dem Sie Ihre fachliche und persönliche Motivation für die Wahl Ihres Studiengangs darlegen. Aus fremden Quellen übernommene Gedanken müssen als solche gekennzeichnet sein.

Hierbei handelt es sich um einen selbst angefertigten Text, in dem Sie Ihre fachliche und persönliche Motivation für die Wahl Ihres Studiengangs darlegen. Aus fremden Quellen übernommene Gedanken müssen als solche gekennzeichnet sein.

All set?

CAMPUSⓞnline
Start your application
Visit our CAMPUSⓞnline
guide for applicants and students

In unserem CAMPUSonline Nutzer-Guide (BeSt: Hilfeseiten für Bewerbende und Studierende) für die Onlinebewerbung im Bewerbungsportal CAMPUSonline finden Sie wertvolle Tipps zu den Punkten:

  • Basiskonto erstellen
  • Onlinebewerbung in CAMPUSonline einreichen
  • Status der Onlinebewerbung in CAMPUSonline prüfen
  • Dokumente nachreichen
  • Ergebnis der Zulassung abrufen

In unserem CAMPUSonline Nutzer-Guide (BeSt: Hilfeseiten für Bewerbende und Studierende) für die Onlinebewerbung im Bewerbungsportal CAMPUSonline finden Sie wertvolle Tipps zu den Punkten:

  • Basiskonto erstellen
  • Onlinebewerbung in CAMPUSonline einreichen
  • Status der Onlinebewerbung in CAMPUSonline prüfen
  • Dokumente nachreichen
  • Ergebnis der Zulassung abrufen

You can find the degree programme in CAMPUSonline by selecting "Bachelor" as your "Intended degree":

You do not need to submit any paper documents by post for the application.

Please note that only applications that have been duly submitted via CAMPUSonline can be considered. Application documents received by post or e-mail, for example, cannot be considered!

Certified copies are not required for the application.

Part-time option:

A part-time option (PT for short or TZ in German) is not offered for this programme.

A part-time option (PT for short or TZ in German) is offered for this programme. This means the regular study time of the degree programme is doubled and the workload per semester is halved.

 

Enrolment is initially always full-time. If you would like to study the degree programme part-time, you must submit a respective request form after your enrolment (change of subject to part-time study).

Please note: If you are planning to study part-time, please discuss this in advance with your visa or immigration office if you are coming to Germany on a study visa.

Glossary for application and enrolment documents

For a full list of the required documents including an explanation of each, where to obtain them and in what form they should be submitted click here.

 

Do you have questions or need assistance?

For a list of contact persons for international applicants click here.

Privacy Policy

Accesibility

all fields with (*) are required